Showing posts with label English. Show all posts
Showing posts with label English. Show all posts

Sunday, 1 September 2013

THE DEFINITION AND BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS


The Definition of Linguistics.
Linguistics is study of language.
Linguistics is concerned with human language as a universal and recognizable part of human behavior and of the human abilities. Raja T. Nasr (1984).
Linguistics is competence as being a persons potential to speak a language, and his or her linguistics performance as the realization of that potential. Monica Crabtree & Joyce Powers (1994).

The Branches of linguistics
1. General linguistic generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the language.
Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or refute the theory of particular language explained generally.
2. Micro linguistic is narrower view. It is concerned internal view of language itself (structure of language systems) without related to other sciences and without related how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
a. Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language
b. Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning
c. Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified
d. Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
e. Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences
f. Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts
g. Discourse analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)
h. Applied linguistic is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching.


Saturday, 17 August 2013

Preparation to Study Abroad


Study to abroad is a remarkable achievement for being the hope of most indonesian students. Many ways are done by students prospective as well as students who will continue to pursue post graduated degree or doctorate degree. One of the ways that I will do in order to reach the targets to study abroad is step by step. The preparation that I am going to do before leaving overseas is divided into several parts, namely the procedures, physical and mental.

The first thing related to the procedures is divided into several points. First, take registration  directly or indirectly to the host institution. For directly registration, I am going to visit the host institution by myself. While indirectly registration, I going to do it via online in the website of the host university. As an indonesian student who will continue my study abroad. I will indirectly do registration by registering via online through the website. One of the universities which implements such a system in australia is university of newcastle. The type of scholarship that I will follow is DIKTI scholarship of Indonesia. DIKTI will provide scholarships for students who will continue study abroad with one of the destination countries, namely Australia, because tuition fee will be paid by DIKTI. However, after I graduate my study in that university and getting a new title, I should return to Indonesia to give my service. Second, do the correspondence or seek academic mentors who will assist in the registration process abroad. There is also a questioning and answering process, sometimes refers to interview test of the foreign university.

Third, sending the file via online such as a transcript, curriculum vitae, application for registration, photos, toefl certificates, birth certificate, high school diploma, diploma of undergraduated degree, and achievement certificates that are ever achieved to increase the opportunities passed in the university including synopsis of university research to continue my study to post graduated degree. Fourth, I am waiting for the letter of acceptance from the host university. Lastly, I would look for sponsors such as DIKTI that I have explained above, which will fund my expenses for studying in Australia. So that is all the preparation that have to be completed.

The second thing are the physical and the mental preparation. Physically, it is very necessary  to maintain the condition of my body to remain healthy. For example by controling the foods that I consume and diligently exercise each week. In addition, preparing clothes before departure due to different seasons between Indonesia and Australia. I will prepare a thick clothes and others necessaried clothes to keep warming my body such as in winter, spring, summer and fall. Next, is about my mental condition. I will strengthen my faith and my belief. So, I will not be affected by the bad impact of environment. As we know that, living in another country is very important to do adaptation to make my social be better with others and another thing enrich my knowledge by reading. Reading a lot will help me to adapt with the food, lifestyle, mindset and culture of the country. For example reading the history and environment of foreign countries on the website on the internet. So that, nowadays more people search information via the internet.  It very usefull to obtain update information. Being a good reader will also keep myself away from miss understanding in my life. In addition, beside reading, I also will ask a lot of people who have experience study abroad. Especially people who had studied in Australia. This will provide me the actual conditions of the host country. So I would not be surprised by the culture shock when the first time studying in Australia.


In conclusion, some preparation that I have told above make me be easier to reach my target, when studying in english speaking countries. One that I have to do now is keep learning motivation during the course so that the value does not go down  by becoming an active learner. It is intended that my value continues to rise and is able to achieve the standard graduation requirements. In addition, focus on learning to face the next toefl test as requirement to complete my education in undergraduated degree and post graduate degree in australia. That is all the steps of the procedure before masking an application online. In the other side about physically and mentally by continuing to maintain and develop existing skills.    So, I will keep the existing values ​​and norms including cling to religion. So, I will not be easy to fall into the wrong attitude and behavior while living in a foreign country. Finally, all will be achieved with effort, hard work, prayer and strong faith.

Monday, 4 March 2013

Single Sex Education



Single Sex Education is one of systems in the school education in the world. This system has been chosen by many countries which are majority of muslim such as Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Some of areas in Indonesia still use this system because it is more specific and focuses in one gender.
The first, why we have to choose this system because it has differences place. Where the girls and the boys have their own class so it will decrease the incompability between them because the girls and the boys are different in thinking and doing something. That why this system is useful because the girls or the boys can focus in learning process because they are in the same gender and finally can increase their capability in the school.

The second, this system has differences rule. We can call this system muslim’s rule because there is limitation of interaction between the girls and the boys. As we know that in islam they can not gather together in one place because it can increase their sin when in speaking until see each other in learning process. In psychology it will increase the compatibility when they always meet and share anything until they feel more comfortable and finally falling in love. In Fact, this is one of reasons why many girls pregnant before get merried. So, this rule want to make the girls or the boys focus in worship and learning process so they can increase their comprehension and will not do something wrong.
Single sex education is the great system because it has differences place and rules that can make the girls or the boys can focus in learning process and worship. Finally increase their capability and comperension, so they can be a success students in academic and morals (religion).

Tuesday, 26 February 2013

GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD



A.          Definition
The Grammar Translation Method is the oldest method in the world of pedagogy. The grammar-translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin.
The Grammar Translation Method (GTM) used in teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) focuses on reading and writing. Language is taught through translation methods, contrasting and comparing the native tongue to the learned language. GTM focuses on sentence structure, grammar, vocabulary and direct translations of the native language to English. The method requires few resources to teach, normally just the use of textbooks or translated passages.
There is not usually any listening or speaking practice, and very little attention is placed on pronunciation or any communicative aspects of the language. The skill exercised is reading, and then only in the context of translation.
The grammar-translation method was the standard way languages were taught in schools from the 17th to the 19th century. The grammar-translation method is still in use today in hybrid forms in many different countries, including many parts of India.